alcohol
This article contains a general term in chemistry. For the kinds of alcohol that is in alcoholic beverages, see Ethanol. For beverages containing alcohol, see Alcoholic beverages.
This article is not about liquor.
Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.
In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.
General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '
The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).
Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.
The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]
Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it
The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.
Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.
Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.
Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:
By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.
Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.
Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.
Applications [Edit | edit source]
Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.
Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.
Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.
Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.
Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.
Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]
Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.
Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:
H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.
isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.
Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption
Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]
References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) this 2006-08-10.Artikel date lists of common terms in chemistry. For the kinds of alcohol that is in alcoholic beverages, see Ethanol. For beverages containing alcohol, see Alcoholic beverages.
This article is not about liquor.
Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.
In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.
General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '
The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).
Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.
The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]
Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it
The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.
Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.
Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.
Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:
By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.
Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.
Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.
Applications [Edit | edit source]
Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.
Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.
Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.
Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.
Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.
Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]
Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.
Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:
H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.
isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.
Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption
Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]
References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) dated 2006-08-10.
alcohol120, alcohol download, alcohol effects, types of alcohol, alcohol poisoning, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, alcohol abuse, uses of alcohol
This article is not about liquor.
Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.
In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.
General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '
The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).
Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.
The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]
Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it
The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.
Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.
Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.
Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:
By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.
Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.
Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.
Applications [Edit | edit source]
Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.
Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.
Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.
Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.
Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.
Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]
Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.
Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:
H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.
isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.
Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption
Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]
References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) this 2006-08-10.Artikel date lists of common terms in chemistry. For the kinds of alcohol that is in alcoholic beverages, see Ethanol. For beverages containing alcohol, see Alcoholic beverages.
This article is not about liquor.
Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.
In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.
General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '
The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).
Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.
The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]
Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it
The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.
Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.
Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.
Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:
By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.
Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.
Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.
Applications [Edit | edit source]
Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.
Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.
Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.
Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.
Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.
Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]
Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.
Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:
H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.
isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.
Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption
Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]
References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) dated 2006-08-10.
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