Caffeine
Caffeine [3] [4], or more popularly, caffeine, xanthine alkaloid compound is crystalline and bitter taste that works as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic [5]. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819. He coined the term "caffeine" to refer to a chemical compound in coffee. [6] caffeine also called guaranina when found in guarana, mateina when found in mate, and teina when found in tea. All these terms equally refer to the same chemical compound.
Caffeine found naturally in foods such as coffee beans, tea leaves, kola fruit, guarana, and mate. In plants, it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and off certain insects that feed on these plants. He is generally consumed by humans by extracting it from coffee beans and tea leaves.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant drug in humans and can expel drowsiness while. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks, are very popular. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance most widely consumed in the world. Unlike other psychoactive substances, caffeine legal and not regulated by law in most jurisdictions throughout the world. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. [7]
Existence [Edit | edit source]
The coffee beans, the main source of caffeine
Caffeine found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide. Reported that high levels of caffeine are found in the new seedlings to grow. [8] caffeine crippling and deadly certain insects that feed on these plants. [9] high levels of caffeine were also found in the soil around the seedlings of coffee beans. It is known that she acts as a barrier to other coffee seedling germination in the vicinity, thus increasing the survival rate of seedlings of coffee itself. [10]
Sources of caffeine fairly commonly used is coffee, tea, and cocoa. [11] In addition, Maté and guarana plants [12] is also sometimes used in the manufacturing of energy drinks and teas. Two alternative names caffeine, mateina and guaranina, derived from the names of two of these plants. [13] [14] Some fans mate claim that mateina is a stereoisomer of caffeine. [12] This is not true, because caffeine is a molecule achiral, so that he does not have enantiomers or stereoisomers. Impression and different effects are found in various natural caffeine sources caused by sources of caffeine also contain mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including theophylline which stimulate the heartbeat, theobromine, and other substances such as polyphenols. [15]
The world's main source of caffeine is coffee beans. The content of caffeine in coffee varies, depending on the type of coffee bean and the preparation method used [16]. In general, one serving of coffee contains about 40 mg (30 mL espresso arabica varieties) caffeine, up to 100 mg of caffeine to one cup (120 mL) coffee. Generally, coffee dark-roast had higher levels of caffeine use is lower because the roasting process will reduce the amount of caffeine in the seed. [17] [18] The coffee varieties of arabica generally contain high levels of caffeine less than coffee variety Robusta. [16] Coffee also contains small amounts of theophylline, but does not contain theobromine.
Tea is another source of caffeine. Although tea contains caffeine levels higher than coffee, tea is generally served in a grain levels are much lower. The content of caffeine also vary on the types of different tea leaves. Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline levels were slightly higher than the coffee. The color of tea water is not a good indicator to determine the content of caffeine. [19] For example, Japanese teas such as green tea gyokuro are paler contain far more caffeine than teas lapsang souchong darker.
Caffeine is also contained in a number of soft drinks such as cola. Soft drinks typically contain about 10 to 50 milligrams of caffeine per serving. Caffeine in these drinks derived ingredients can be derived from the drink itself ataunya of additives derived from the process dekafeinasi. Guarana, a main ingredient manufacturing of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with the amount of theobromine and theophylline were small. [20]
Chocolate is derived from cocoa beans contains a small amount of caffeine. Stimulating effect produced by chocolate comes from the combined effects of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine. [21] Chocolate contains caffeine use very little amount to result in stimulation equivalent to coffee. 28 g serving of milk chocolate bars contain high levels of caffeine equivalent to a cup of coffee that didekafeinasi.
Lately iniTemplat: Since when ?, various manufacturers started adding caffeine into their bath products (shampoo and soap), claiming that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin. [22] However, the effectiveness of such products has not been proven, because caffeine will not easily absorbed through the skin. [23]
History [edit | edit source]
An old photo of a dozen old and middle-aged men sitting on a ground around a mat. A man in front sits next to a mortar and holds a bat, ready for grinding. A man opposite to him holds a long spoon.
A coffee house in Palestine, circa 1900
Humans have consumed caffeine since the Stone Age. [24] Human ancients discovered that penguyahan seeds, twigs, and leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and improve mood. Caffeine effect was later found to be enhanced by menyeduhkan plant parts with hot water. Many cultures have legends about the origin of these plants.
According to one popular Chinese legend, the Chinese Emperor Shennong, who has been in power dimitoskan around 3000 BCE, accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, drink the fragrant and can restore power generated. [25] Shennong is also mentioned call in the work of Lu Yu, Cha Jing, the tea. [26] the history of coffee had been recorded since the 9th century. At that time, the coffee beans are only available from the original habitat alone, Ethiopia. Popular legend recounts the discovery of coffee by a goat herder named Kaldi who observed that his goats became more active and do not sleep at night after weed coffee bushes. After he tried coffee berries are eaten by goats, he also gets the same efficacy. The earliest literature that mentions the possibility of coffee is a reference to the work of a Persian Bunchum al-Razi. In 1587, Malaye Jaziri compiled a work that examines the history and legal controversies of coffee, entitled "Undat al Safwa fi hill al-Qahwa". In this work, Jaziri recorded that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first use of coffee in 1454, and in the 15th century, the Sufis of Yemen routinely used coffee to awaken during prayer ,
Synthesis and characteristics of caffeine [Edit | edit source]
Caffeine anhydrous (dry).
In 1819, the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated the kafeinan relatively pristine for the first time. [27] [28] According to Runge, he did so at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. [29] In 1827, OUDRY isolate "teina" of tea, [30] but was later proved by Mulder [31] and Jobst [32] that teina is a compound similar to caffeine. [29] the structure of caffeine was not solved by the end of the 19th century by Hermann Emil Fischer, who is also the person who first synthesized this compound total. [33]
All the nitrogen atom caffeine essentially planar (sp2 orbital hybridization), causes the caffeine molecule is aromatic. Because caffeine easily obtained as byproducts of the process dekafeinasi, caffeine usually not biosynthesized chemically. [34] If necessary, caffeine can be synthesized from dimetilurea and malonic acid. [35]
Metabolism and toxicity [Edit | edit source]
Caffeine molecule is 1-3-7-acid metabolite trimetilurat, paraksantina, teofillina and Theobromine with each trajectory metabolism. [36] caffeine binding of adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine is a nucleotide that reduce nerve cell activity when tethered to the cell. Such as adenosine, caffeine molecule is also tied to the same receptor, but the result is different. Caffeine will not slow down nerve cell activity / brain, otherwise blocking of adenosine to function. The impact resulted in increased brain activity and hormone epinephrine apart. These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, increase the distribution of blood to the muscles, reducing the distribution of blood to the skin and internal organs, and remove glucose from the liver. Furthermore, caffeine also increases the surface of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
Caffeine can be removed from the brain quickly, unlike alcohol or central nervous system stimulant and will not disturb other higher mental functions and support the brain. Consumption of caffeine in a sustainable manner will cause the body to become tolerant to the presence of caffeine. Therefore, if the internal production of caffeine was dismissed (called "disengagement dependency"), the body becomes less sensitive to adenosine and cause sudden drop in blood pressure which in turn lead to headaches and other symptoms. A recent study says caffeine can reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease, but it still requires in-depth study.
Too much caffeine can cause poisoning (intoxication) caffeine (ie intoxication due to caffeine). Among the symptoms of this disease are restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, cheerfulness, flushing, frequent urination (diuresis), and the problem gastrointestial. These symptoms may occur even though only 250 mg of caffeine taken. If more than 1g caffeine consumed in a day, symptoms such as muscle spasms (muscle twitching), tangling thoughts and words, kardium arrhythmias (disturbances in heart beat) m and turmoil psychomotor (psychomotor agitation) may occur. Caffeine intoxication can also cause panic and anxiety diseases.
Although it is still safe for humans, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine (in cocoa) is more poison for some animals, such as cats and dogs because of the differences in terms of liver metabolism.
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Caffeine found naturally in foods such as coffee beans, tea leaves, kola fruit, guarana, and mate. In plants, it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and off certain insects that feed on these plants. He is generally consumed by humans by extracting it from coffee beans and tea leaves.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant drug in humans and can expel drowsiness while. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks, are very popular. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance most widely consumed in the world. Unlike other psychoactive substances, caffeine legal and not regulated by law in most jurisdictions throughout the world. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. [7]
Existence [Edit | edit source]
The coffee beans, the main source of caffeine
Caffeine found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide. Reported that high levels of caffeine are found in the new seedlings to grow. [8] caffeine crippling and deadly certain insects that feed on these plants. [9] high levels of caffeine were also found in the soil around the seedlings of coffee beans. It is known that she acts as a barrier to other coffee seedling germination in the vicinity, thus increasing the survival rate of seedlings of coffee itself. [10]
Sources of caffeine fairly commonly used is coffee, tea, and cocoa. [11] In addition, Maté and guarana plants [12] is also sometimes used in the manufacturing of energy drinks and teas. Two alternative names caffeine, mateina and guaranina, derived from the names of two of these plants. [13] [14] Some fans mate claim that mateina is a stereoisomer of caffeine. [12] This is not true, because caffeine is a molecule achiral, so that he does not have enantiomers or stereoisomers. Impression and different effects are found in various natural caffeine sources caused by sources of caffeine also contain mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including theophylline which stimulate the heartbeat, theobromine, and other substances such as polyphenols. [15]
The world's main source of caffeine is coffee beans. The content of caffeine in coffee varies, depending on the type of coffee bean and the preparation method used [16]. In general, one serving of coffee contains about 40 mg (30 mL espresso arabica varieties) caffeine, up to 100 mg of caffeine to one cup (120 mL) coffee. Generally, coffee dark-roast had higher levels of caffeine use is lower because the roasting process will reduce the amount of caffeine in the seed. [17] [18] The coffee varieties of arabica generally contain high levels of caffeine less than coffee variety Robusta. [16] Coffee also contains small amounts of theophylline, but does not contain theobromine.
Tea is another source of caffeine. Although tea contains caffeine levels higher than coffee, tea is generally served in a grain levels are much lower. The content of caffeine also vary on the types of different tea leaves. Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline levels were slightly higher than the coffee. The color of tea water is not a good indicator to determine the content of caffeine. [19] For example, Japanese teas such as green tea gyokuro are paler contain far more caffeine than teas lapsang souchong darker.
Caffeine is also contained in a number of soft drinks such as cola. Soft drinks typically contain about 10 to 50 milligrams of caffeine per serving. Caffeine in these drinks derived ingredients can be derived from the drink itself ataunya of additives derived from the process dekafeinasi. Guarana, a main ingredient manufacturing of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with the amount of theobromine and theophylline were small. [20]
Chocolate is derived from cocoa beans contains a small amount of caffeine. Stimulating effect produced by chocolate comes from the combined effects of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine. [21] Chocolate contains caffeine use very little amount to result in stimulation equivalent to coffee. 28 g serving of milk chocolate bars contain high levels of caffeine equivalent to a cup of coffee that didekafeinasi.
Lately iniTemplat: Since when ?, various manufacturers started adding caffeine into their bath products (shampoo and soap), claiming that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin. [22] However, the effectiveness of such products has not been proven, because caffeine will not easily absorbed through the skin. [23]
History [edit | edit source]
An old photo of a dozen old and middle-aged men sitting on a ground around a mat. A man in front sits next to a mortar and holds a bat, ready for grinding. A man opposite to him holds a long spoon.
A coffee house in Palestine, circa 1900
Humans have consumed caffeine since the Stone Age. [24] Human ancients discovered that penguyahan seeds, twigs, and leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and improve mood. Caffeine effect was later found to be enhanced by menyeduhkan plant parts with hot water. Many cultures have legends about the origin of these plants.
According to one popular Chinese legend, the Chinese Emperor Shennong, who has been in power dimitoskan around 3000 BCE, accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, drink the fragrant and can restore power generated. [25] Shennong is also mentioned call in the work of Lu Yu, Cha Jing, the tea. [26] the history of coffee had been recorded since the 9th century. At that time, the coffee beans are only available from the original habitat alone, Ethiopia. Popular legend recounts the discovery of coffee by a goat herder named Kaldi who observed that his goats became more active and do not sleep at night after weed coffee bushes. After he tried coffee berries are eaten by goats, he also gets the same efficacy. The earliest literature that mentions the possibility of coffee is a reference to the work of a Persian Bunchum al-Razi. In 1587, Malaye Jaziri compiled a work that examines the history and legal controversies of coffee, entitled "Undat al Safwa fi hill al-Qahwa". In this work, Jaziri recorded that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first use of coffee in 1454, and in the 15th century, the Sufis of Yemen routinely used coffee to awaken during prayer ,
Synthesis and characteristics of caffeine [Edit | edit source]
Caffeine anhydrous (dry).
In 1819, the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated the kafeinan relatively pristine for the first time. [27] [28] According to Runge, he did so at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. [29] In 1827, OUDRY isolate "teina" of tea, [30] but was later proved by Mulder [31] and Jobst [32] that teina is a compound similar to caffeine. [29] the structure of caffeine was not solved by the end of the 19th century by Hermann Emil Fischer, who is also the person who first synthesized this compound total. [33]
All the nitrogen atom caffeine essentially planar (sp2 orbital hybridization), causes the caffeine molecule is aromatic. Because caffeine easily obtained as byproducts of the process dekafeinasi, caffeine usually not biosynthesized chemically. [34] If necessary, caffeine can be synthesized from dimetilurea and malonic acid. [35]
Metabolism and toxicity [Edit | edit source]
Caffeine molecule is 1-3-7-acid metabolite trimetilurat, paraksantina, teofillina and Theobromine with each trajectory metabolism. [36] caffeine binding of adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine is a nucleotide that reduce nerve cell activity when tethered to the cell. Such as adenosine, caffeine molecule is also tied to the same receptor, but the result is different. Caffeine will not slow down nerve cell activity / brain, otherwise blocking of adenosine to function. The impact resulted in increased brain activity and hormone epinephrine apart. These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, increase the distribution of blood to the muscles, reducing the distribution of blood to the skin and internal organs, and remove glucose from the liver. Furthermore, caffeine also increases the surface of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
Caffeine can be removed from the brain quickly, unlike alcohol or central nervous system stimulant and will not disturb other higher mental functions and support the brain. Consumption of caffeine in a sustainable manner will cause the body to become tolerant to the presence of caffeine. Therefore, if the internal production of caffeine was dismissed (called "disengagement dependency"), the body becomes less sensitive to adenosine and cause sudden drop in blood pressure which in turn lead to headaches and other symptoms. A recent study says caffeine can reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease, but it still requires in-depth study.
Too much caffeine can cause poisoning (intoxication) caffeine (ie intoxication due to caffeine). Among the symptoms of this disease are restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, cheerfulness, flushing, frequent urination (diuresis), and the problem gastrointestial. These symptoms may occur even though only 250 mg of caffeine taken. If more than 1g caffeine consumed in a day, symptoms such as muscle spasms (muscle twitching), tangling thoughts and words, kardium arrhythmias (disturbances in heart beat) m and turmoil psychomotor (psychomotor agitation) may occur. Caffeine intoxication can also cause panic and anxiety diseases.
Although it is still safe for humans, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine (in cocoa) is more poison for some animals, such as cats and dogs because of the differences in terms of liver metabolism.
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